The South-East region of Nigeria, predominantly inhabited by the Igbo people, faces systemic marginalization and exclusion despite its significant contributions to the nation’s economy, culture, and global diaspora. This persistent inequity, spanning political representation, economic opportunities, and infrastructural development, hinders the region’s potential and, consequently, Nigeria’s overall progress. While the resilience and industrious spirit of South-Easterners are undeniable, their potential remains largely untapped due to these systemic barriers.
Political Exclusion: A Case of Disproportionate Representation
The South-East’s political power is structurally limited within Nigeria’s federal system. With only five states (Abia, Anambra, Ebonyi, Enugu, and Imo), compared to six in the South-West and seven in the North-West, the region’s representation in the National Assembly is significantly lower. This translates to just 15 senators out of 109 and 45 representatives out of 360, impacting their ability to influence national policy.
This disparity extends to local government areas (LGAs), where the South-East has only 95 out of 774 nationwide. For context, Kano State alone has 44 LGAs. This imbalance further restricts the region’s access to resources and its ability to address local needs. For example, funding for education, healthcare, and infrastructure, often channeled through LGAs, is disproportionately distributed. Data from the National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) consistently demonstrates lower per capita spending in the South-East compared to other regions.
Economic Marginalization: From Hub of Industry to Stifled Potential
The South-East, despite possessing natural resources like oil and gas, has not reaped equitable benefits. While the Niger Delta’s oil wealth is often cited, the South-East’s access to and control over these resources remain limited. Furthermore, environmental degradation from oil exploration disproportionately affects some communities, with minimal compensation or development initiatives.
Historically, the region boasted thriving industrial hubs. Aba, once known as the “Japan of Africa,” was a center for manufacturing, particularly leather and textiles. Nnewi, dubbed the “Taiwan of Africa,” is home to Innoson Motors, Nigeria’s first indigenous car manufacturer. Onitsha’s bustling market is a major commercial artery. However, these industrial centers have suffered a decline due to a combination of factors, including inadequate infrastructure, inconsistent power supply, and limited access to capital. A 2020 report by the Manufacturers Association of Nigeria (MAN) indicated that capacity utilization in South-East industries was below the national average, citing these challenges.
The lack of a functional international airport and the concentration of port operations in Lagos further disadvantage South-Eastern businesses. This forces them to incur higher transportation costs, impacting their competitiveness. The absence of strategic federal investment in key infrastructure, like the long-delayed second Niger Bridge and the dilapidated Enugu-Port Harcourt expressway, exemplifies this neglect.
Infrastructural Decay: A Roadblock to Progress
The South-East’s infrastructure, particularly its road network, is in a state of disrepair. Major arteries like the Enugu-Onitsha and Aba-Port Harcourt expressways, vital for trade and movement, have become notorious for their deplorable condition. This not only hinders economic activity but also poses safety risks. Data from the Federal Road Safety Corps (FRSC) consistently shows higher rates of road accidents on these routes compared to other major highways in the country.
While other regions have seen significant federal investment in infrastructure projects, the South-East has lagged behind. The disparity is evident when comparing projects like the Abuja-Kaduna railway with the slow progress on the Eastern Railway Corridor, which is intended to connect the South-East with other parts of the country. This infrastructural deficit further isolates the region and limits its economic integration with the rest of Nigeria.
Security Challenges: A Complex Interplay of Factors
The South-East faces complex security challenges, including the rise of secessionist movements and increased criminal activity. While these issues are often attributed solely to the activities of groups like IPOB, they are also rooted in the socio-economic frustrations caused by marginalization. The heavy presence of security forces, while intended to address these challenges, has also been accused of human rights abuses and extortion, further alienating the local population. Reports by organizations like Amnesty International have documented these allegations.
The perception of injustice and the lack of opportunities have created a fertile ground for discontent, which some groups have exploited. Addressing the underlying issues of marginalization is crucial for achieving lasting peace and security in the region.
Socio-Cultural Suppression: The Erosion of Identity and Opportunity
Beyond the economic and political spheres, the South-East also faces socio-cultural challenges. The distribution of federal resources for education and development often favors other regions, limiting opportunities for South-Eastern youth. Data on federal scholarship awards and funding for educational institutions demonstrates this disparity. This lack of investment in education and human capital contributes to a brain drain, with many talented individuals seeking opportunities elsewhere.
The Igbo language and culture also face challenges. While there are efforts to promote Igbo language education, they often lack adequate support and resources. This gradual erosion of cultural identity adds another layer to the sense of marginalization felt by many in the region.
Resilience and the Diaspora: A Testament to the Igbo Spirit
Despite these challenges, South-Easterners have demonstrated remarkable resilience. Their entrepreneurial spirit and drive for success are evident in their contributions to various sectors across Nigeria and globally. The Igbo diaspora is a testament to their adaptability and achievements. Remittances from the diaspora contribute significantly to the economies of their home states.
Examples of successful South-Eastern entrepreneurs and professionals abound, both within Nigeria and internationally. However, their individual successes should not overshadow the systemic barriers that hinder the progress of the region as a whole.
A Call for Restructuring and Inclusive Governance
The marginalization of the South-East is a complex issue with deep historical roots. Addressing it requires a multi-faceted approach that tackles political, economic, and social inequalities. Restructuring the federation to ensure greater regional autonomy, investing in infrastructure and human capital, and promoting inclusive governance are crucial steps. Ignoring these issues will only exacerbate the existing tensions and further threaten Nigeria’s unity and development. Recognizing the South-East’s potential and creating a level playing field will not only benefit the region but also contribute to the overall prosperity of Nigeria.
By Hon. Chimazuru Nnadi-Oforgu
OBLONG MEDIA UNLIMITED 
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